The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
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New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

262 SOUTHRN SHAN STATES
Samka, and Hsahtung. Most of the chiefs are large traders, and many of their officials follow suit; at Panglong and Kehsi Mansam and in the Hsahtung State whole communities are entirely dependent on trade, and engage in agriculture only to a limited extent. A con-
siderable portion of the internal trade consists of cart traffic from the plains to Taunggyi and Monghsawk. From the former pack-bullocks carry merchandise eastwards; from the latter it is borne southwards by river to Karenni. Internal trade is still largely in the hands of
caravan traders, who employ bullock transport.
External trade is with Burma on the one hand, and with China and Siam on the other. The exports to Burma by all routes in 1903-4 were valued at 47.6 lakhs. The value of the forest produce exported to Moulmein and to Ava down the Salween and Myitnge rivers in that year amounted to io lakhs, the greater part being teak timber. Nearly 1z,ooo head of cattle, valued at 7 lakhs, and more than 1,ooo ponies and mules, valued at z lakhs, were sent down during the year to Burma. Other exports included lac (valued at 6 lakhs), potatoes
(0-4 lakh), and other vegetables and fruits (1-5 lakhs) ; varnishes, provisions of various kinds, Shan paper for umbrellas and ornaments, leathern goods, gums and resins (including thitsi), turmeric, silk piece- goods, thanal pet (for cigar-wrappers), sesamum and ground-nut oil, iron implements, and lacquered boxes and bowls. The imports from Burma in the same year were valued at 39.6 lakhs ; the main items were European cotton piece-goods (11 lakhs), silk goods (3-9 lakhs), dried fish (1.8 lakhs), betel-nuts (1.7 lakhs), salt (1.3 lakhs), cotton twist and yarn (1.9 lakhs), petroleum (1 lakh), woollen goods (r lakh), apparel, metal-work, sugar, wheat, and drugs of various kinds in smaller quantities. Most of the trade with Burma, whether carried in carts or on bullocks, goes by the Government cart-road from
T aunggyi to Thazi, although the bullock-tracks through the Natteik pass to Myittha in Kyaukse District and through Mongpai to Toungoo are also used. A certain amount of trade passes via the Northern Shan States to Upper Burma, being registered at Maymyo. To China
and Siam the exports are much the same as to Burma; from China the chief imports are straw hats, copper and iron cooking pots, goldleaf, fur-lined coats, silk, satin, opium-smoking requisites, sulphur, camphor, drugs and other articles ; from Siam they include cutch,
raw silk, betel-nuts, and kerosene oil. The China and Siam trade is not registered, and statistics of its volume and value cannot be given. The main route of the Chinese trade is through Kengtung and the Northern Shan States, that of the Siamese trade through Mongpan. There are as yet no railways, but a light railway on the a feet 6 inch gauge is projected, to connect the main Rangoon-Mandalay line with Taunggyi. A few good roads have been constructed. The principal
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ေဝႃးႁၢၼ်ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးဢၼ်လီလႆႈမႆၢတွင်း
Toungoo = တူင်ႇဢူႇ
Kengtung = ၵဵင်းတုင်