The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
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New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

261 SOUTHRN SHAN STATES
and in Namtok, saltpetre is collected, and mica (of no marketable size) is gathered on the Nam Teng. A few spinels of very poor quality have been found in Mawkmai and elsewhere, but rubies have not been met with, and neither jade nor amber is known to exist. Fine pottery clay is worked in Mongkung, Yawnghwe, and Samka. Laterite is found everywhere, and limestone has been largely employed in building houses and offices in Taunggyi, and is extensively used for metalling Government roads. Lime-burning is a common occupation among the Shans.
Cotton-weaving is carried on in practically every house in the States, and all articles of wearing apparel among the poorer classes are woven on the spot from locally grown cotton. In the neighbourhood of the Inle Lake in the Yawnghwe Trade and communications.
State silk-weaving is an important industry, the silks having a finish superior to those of the Mandalay looms. Embroidery (or more correctly a species of tapestry work) is practised among the Taungthus and Taungyos, being applied mostly to curtains (kalagas) and women's head-dresses.
In gold and silver-work the local goldsmiths are but little, if at all, behind the artificers of Burma; but, though deft, they lack individuality, for the designs in use are mainly modelled on Burmese originals. The iron-work made locally is for the most part confined to articles of
domestic and agricultural utility, such as ploughshares, hoes, axes, choppers, scissors, tongs, and tripods for cooking pots ; and these are made mainly in Laihka, where iron is smelted, though das of very superior quality are forged in Mongkung and Kehsi Mansam. Very little work is done in brass, wood, or ivory. Pottery is a widespread industry. All vessels for domestic use are manufactured; and in artistic work the potters of Mongkung, Yawnghwe, and Samka have a wide reputation, the glazed work of Hona (Mongkung) and Kyawktaing (Yawnghwe) being especially popular.
Mat-weaving is a universal employment during seasons of leisure from agricultural operations, but the products are usually rough. Lacquer-work has its centres in the States of Laihka and Mongnai. In the former the industry gives employment to a large number of
families near the capital, but the Shan lacquer-work is generally inferior to that of Pagan. Basket-weaving is fairly well distributed through the country, and umbrellas and hats (kamauks) made of bamboo spathes are produced at various towns. In the State of Kengh-
kam the manufacture of Shan paper from the bark of a species of mulberry-tree (Broussonetia papyrifera) has assumed considerable proportions.
The chief centres of trade are at Taunggyi, Monghsawk (Fort Stedman), Panglong (in Laihka), Kehsi Mansam, Langhku (Mawkmai),
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ေဝႃးႁၢၼ်ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးဢၼ်လီလႆႈမႆၢတွင်း
Mongkung = မူိင်းၵိုင်
Kehsi Mansam = ေၵးသီးမၢၼ်ႈၸၢမ်
Monghsawk = မူိင်းသွၵ်ႇ
Panglong = ပၢင်လူင်
Langhku = လၢင်းၶူိဝ်း