The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
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New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

259 SOUTHRN SHAN STATES
observed during the Buddhist Lent. The spawning-beds are carefully preserved and supplied with food, in the shape of rice, ground-nut, and sesamum paste, &c.
Under native rule the right of the paramount power to the forests in the Shan States was always asserted, and the same principle has been followed since annexation. The right to the timber extracted from their States is reserved to the British Government by the Sawbwas' sanads, and revenue is paid whether the trees are extracted by the Sawbwas themselves or by private contractors. The distribution of the forests in the Southern Shan States is dependent chiefly on the elevation. The average height of the Shan plateau is probably between 2,ooo and 3,000 feet above sea-level; but the hills frequently exceed q,ooo and sometimes 8,ooo feet. The lower-lying streams are fringed by a very narrow belt
of evergreen forest. This gives place almost at once, higher up, to a dry deciduous forest, frequently of the indaing type. Teak is limited to this deciduous belt, and is rarely found above 3,000 feet. Consequently, as even the minor watersheds generally exceed this elevation, teak occurs only in narrow belts parallel to the streams. Other characteristic trees of the deciduous forest are: pyingado (Xylia dolabrijormis), padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus), pyinma (Lagerstroemia Flos Regime), in (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus), ingyin (Pentacnte siamensis), thitya (Shorea obtusa), and thitsi (Melanorrhoea usitata). At
from 2,500 to 3,500 feet the deciduous forest may be associated with pines (Pinus Nlerkusii). This tree is rare west of the Nam Teng, and never forms pure forest. At 3,500 feet Pinus Xhasya begins to appear ; and finally at 4,000 feet the deciduous forest disappears, and its place is taken either by pure forest of Pinus Xhasya, or by mixed forest of broad-leaved species, characterized by oaks, chestnuts, and Schimae. At 6,ooo feet the pine or oak forests are generally replaced by a dark-foliaged evergreen forest, containing magnolias, Lauriniae, and rhododendrons.
The forests can best be considered in detail with reference to the drainage basins. These are five in number, all containing teak and other valuable timber. In order of their economic importance they may be ranked as follows : the Salween, the Myitnge (or Nam Tu), the Mekong, the Nam Pawn, and the Paunglang or Sittang. In the Salween basin it is said that Mongnawng once contained teak forests. These have now, however, been completely destroyed by reckless over-working. Only the States in the lower course of the Salween
and its tributaries, the Nam Pang and Nam Teng, now possess teak; and working-plans have been prepared for the forests of Kenghkam, Mongnai, and Mongpan, where the teak area exceeds 300 square miles. Most of these forests have been over-worked; and the forests
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ေဝႃးႁၢၼ်ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးဢၼ်လီလႆႈမႆၢတွင်း
Nam Pawn = ၼမ့်ပွၼ်
Paunglang or Sittang = ပၢင်လွင်း
Mongnawng = မူိင်းၼွင်
Nam Pang = ၼမ့်ပၢင်
Nam Teng = ၼမ့်တဵင်း
Kenghkam = ၵဵင်းတွင်း
Mongnai, and Mongpan = မူိင်းၼႆၢးႄလႈမူိင်းပၼ်ႇ