The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
....................................
New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

254 SOUTHRN SHAN STATES
each other, without a shot being fired. Some trouble was caused by the expongyi Twet Nga Lu, who in 1888 was able to drive out the Mongnai Sawbwa and establish himself in his capital, but he was eventually shot in the same year. The column which dealt with
Twet Nga Lu was called upon to quell disturbances in the Southern Myelat States, which had been brought about by the chief of Yawnghwe ; and, after it had settled matters in Mongnai, had to turn its attention to Mawkmai, which had been invaded and reduced to vassalage by Sawlapaw, the chief of Eastern Karenni, or Gantarawadi. Order was re-established in Mawkmai, but in June, 1888, Sawlapaw again attacked the State. He was, however, driven back with very severe loss; and as he refused-to surrender, a punitive expedition
entered Sawlon, his capital, in 1889 and, on his flight, Sawlawi, his heir, was appointed in his place. Finally, the Kengtung State on the farther side of the Salween submitted in 1890. Considerable difficulties arose with Siam about this time concerning certain trans-Salween dependencies of Mawkmai, Mongpan, and Karenni. In 1889-9o an Anglo-Siamese Commission, in which the Siamese government declined to join at the last moment, partitioned these tracts, and the Siamese garrisons were withdrawn from so much of the country as was found not to belong to Siam. The demarcation of this frontier was finally carried out by a joint Commission in 1892-3. The Anglo- French boundary was settled in 1894-5, when the State of Kengcheng was divided between the two countries, the Mekong forming the boundary, and the cis-Mekong portion being added to Kengtung. The
boundary of the Kengtung State and China was settled by the Anglo-Chinese Boundary Commission of 1898-9. The most important pagodas are those at Angteng and Thandaung
in Yawnghwe, said to have been built by llhamma Thawka Min (Asoka) and Anawrata; their annual festivals are largely attended.
In the Pangtara State is the Shweonhmin pagoda, a richly gilt shrine in a grotto in the hill-side. The sides and roof of the cave are crowded with statues of Buddha and emblems of the faith. There is a larger attendance at its festival than at any other in the Southern Shan States, except perhaps that of Mongkiing. In the Poila State is the Tame pagoda, covered on the upper half with copper plates and much revered. Both the Pangtara and Poila pagodas are said to have been built by Asoka and repaired by Anawrata of Pagan.
The population of the Southern Shan States in 1901 was 770,559 Its distribution is given in the table on the next page, which shows considerable variation in density of population. The
small States of Pangmi and Nawngwawn are as thickly populated as the delta Districts of Lower Burma. With the exception of Yawnghwe, none of the larger Sawbwaships show a high
----------

Graphics file for this page