The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
....................................
New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

253 SOUTHRN SHAN STATES
attacked, and an unfrocked pongvi named Twet Nga Lu, who had been
administering the State since the Sawbwas flight, was driven out; the
rightful ruler was restored, and the Lawksawk and M6ngnawng chiefs
regained their dominions. The allies, who were soon joined by the
south-western and many of the Myelat States, next set themselves to
the task of persuading or compelling the other States to accept the
Linbin prince as their leader. To this end they turned their atten-
tion to Kehsi Mansam, Mongkiing, and Laihka, which had furnished
troops to drive the M6ngnai Sawbwa from his kingdom; the last was
ravaged from end to end, and the two former fared nearly as badly.
About the same time Mbngpan in the south was raided by the Mawk
mai ruler, and the capital was sacked. The Sawbwa of Lawksawk then
proceeded to avenge himself on Yawnghwe, to which the former State
had been subordinated by the Burmese government when the Sawbwa
fled to Kengtung; but the Sawbwa of Yawnghwe had by this time
tendered his allegiance to the British Government, and, with some of
the Myelat States behind him, was able to maintain himself against the
Linbin confederacy, which had been pressing on him from the north
and east. It was not, however, until the arrival of an expedition under
Colonel Stedman in 1886 that the investment of Yawnghwe and its
Myelat allies ceased. This expedition started from Hlaingdet in Meik-
tila District, and encountered some slight opposition from the Lawk-
sawk forces ; but beyond this there was no resistance. The submission
of Yawnghwe and the Myelat States was obtained without difficulty,
and the Superintendent of the Shan States was installed in his charge,
a post being established at Fort Stedman on the Inle Lake near
Yawnghwe. The submission of these States was followed by that
of the south-western States, where there had been trouble with the
Red Karens ; and the Superintendent then called on the Sawbwas of
Mbngnai and Mongpawn, the most active of the Linbin coalition, to
submit to the British Government. They, however, merely withdrew
to their territories. Matters were complicated at this stage by the
States of Laihka, Mongkiing, and Kehsi Mansam, which had suffered
at the hands of the Linbin confederacy, and which took the oppor-
tunity of making a retaliatory raid on M6ngpawn, the Sawbwa of
which was the Linbin prince's most influential supporter. The Super-
intendent, accordingly, after driving the hostile Sawbwa of Lawksawk
out of his State, marched into M6ngpawn, and brought about the
reconciliation of the chiefs and the submission of the Linbin faction.
The prince himself surrendered and was deported; and by June, 1887,
all the cis-Salween Shan States had been brought under British rule
and were free from disturbance. The Superintendent in 1887-8 made
a tour throughout the States, and received the personal submission
of the Sawbwas, settling their relations to the Government and to
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