The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
....................................
New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

244 NORTHERN SHAN STATES
yarn, matches, kerosene oil, and betel-nuts. Since the opening of the
railway, however, the great bulk of the tea produced is exported, and
most of the goods for the Shan market are imported, by rail. But few
caravans now make the through trip to Mandalay. As a means of
transport the pack-bullock is probably as much used as ever; but the
bullock caravans now ply between the tea gardens and the railway, or
find their profit in bringing rice to the railway and distributing rail-
borne imports throughout the country.. Chinese caravans pass through
the Northern Shan States every open season on their way to and from
the Southern Shan States and Northern Siam. They bring iron caul-
drons, copper cooking pots, straw hats made especially for the Shan
market, walnuts, persimmons, satin, opium, felted woollen carpets, and
fine tobacco. The Panthay settlement at Panglong in Sonmu is a large
trading community which does business with Burma and the trans-
Salween States. The Was cultivate and export to China large quanti-
ties of opium, and agents from Kengtung come north as far as West
Manglon and South Hsenwi to purchase the drug. Karenni cutch is
brought north by Mongnai bullock traders, who also fetch up iron
agricultural implements from Laihkal. A considerable trade is carried
on during the winter months in oranges from Nawnghkam (West Mang-
Ion), Namma (Hsipaw), and Hsipaw itself, and during the rains in
Salween betel-leaf from Nawnghkam. Stick-lac is collected to a large
extent by the Kachins of North Hsenwi, who sell it to Indian dealers
in the Lashio bazar, whence it is exported to Burma; and carts from
Mandalay and Hsipaw now go far afield into South Hsenwi for rice and
sesamum. There is a busy local trade in the interior in home-grown
tobacco, fruit, and vegetables; and the bazars are always well attended.
The largest marts are those at Namhkam, Hsipaw, Nawnghkio, My-
aukme, and Namlan. Manchester cotton goods are rapidly supplanting
home-made stuffs. Imported yarns and twist, aniline dyes, German
made pencils, and imitation two-anna-piece buttons are among the
most noticeable of the imported articles. The value of the imports
from Burma to the Northern Shan States reached a total of 38 lakhs in
T903-4: by the Mandalay-Lashio railway, 22.6 lakhs; by the Maymyo
road, 5.8 lakhs; by Namhkam and Bhamo, 5 lakhs; via the Ruby
Mines District, 4-7 lakhs. The principal items were European cotton
piece-goods (valued at 8�4 lakhs), salted fish and VaPi (5�5 lakhs), salt
(3�2 lakhs), twist and yarn (mostly European) (3�9 lakhs), Indian cotton
piece-goods, petroleum, cattle, betel-leaf, and tobacco. The exports
from the States to Burma in the same year were valued at 562 lakhs
by the railway, 31�7 lakhs; by the Maymyo road, 6.6 lakhs; by
Namhkam and Bhamo, 5-7 lakhs; through the Ruby Mines District,
4-5 lakhs ; timber and forest produce floated down the Shweli and
other streams, 8 lakhs. The chief items were pickled tea (22 lakhs),

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