The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
....................................
New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

239 NORTHERN SHAN STATES
in August and September. No, manure is used and the trees are never
pruned, as they are said to die off if this is done. They are first picked
in the fourth year and continue bearing for ten or twelve years, pro-
ducing three crops a year between March and October. When the
yield of leaves begins to get poor, the trees are often cut' down. New
shoots are thrown up from the stool, and these are in, turn 'picked. In
gardens, where sufficient room is allowed for growth, the trees attain
a much larger size than where close planting prevails; Trees said to
be thirty years old and upwards, and still in bearing, are found here.
The total area under crops in the trans-Salween States is approxi-
mately 312 square miles, of which about three-quarters are under rice.
Tea covers rather over rz square miles. In addition to rice and tea,
poppy, sesamum, ground-nuts, cotton, buckwheat, and maize are
grown in the taungyas. Poppy is confined for the most part to the
trans-Salween country, the hilliest portions of North and South Hsenwi,
and the west of Manglbn. Rice taungyas are sometimes sown with
sesamum in the second and with cotton in the third year. Maize and
buckwheat are grown by some of the hill tribes, and peas and beans
by the Was. In the homestead plots, onions, yams, brinjals, indigo,
maize, sugar-cane, millet, and beans are cultivated. The orange
flourishes in many parts along the Salween and some of its tributaries,
and along the Namma in Hsipaw ; and the Hsipaw Sawbwa possesses
excellent orange- plantations on the banks of the Nam Tu. The indige>
noun pineapple is good and is freely cultivated in South Hsenwi, the
-valley of the Shweli, and the Hsumhsai sub-State of Hsipaw, where
also papayas are plentiful, The local mangoes and plantains do not
compare well with those produced in the plains of Burma; and the
crab=apples, wild plums, peaches, and :pears are more interesting for
their associations .than for their, edible properties.' Wild raspberries
are ,found in most parts of the ~coumntry, and walnuts in --the Wa
Cattle, are bred for pack-work and for sale -as draught bullocks to
Burmans-: an natives of India, but are not used for' ploughing,
slaughtering, or even milking. Buffaloes are bred for ploughing; and
are sometimes used for pressing sugar-cane and sesamum oil. By
the Was they are employed for sacrificial purposes. There is a good
deal of pony-breeding; but young stallions are allowed to 'run wild
with the mares and fillies, and no care whatever is taken in selecting
suitable mature beasts for propagating the breed. The small `animals
produced are mostly used for pack purposes, or exported to Burma
for-use in hired carriages. Goats and sheep are imported from China,
and the latter have done- well at Lashio and Tangyan. Grazing for
all animals is plentiful throughout the States:
The area irrigated by means' of channels -taking off from the streams
in the valleys is large. No precise data as to its'extent are available

Graphics file for this page >> Sourthern Shan State