The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
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New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

237 NORTHERN SHAN STATES
population in the omitted portion of the Northern Shan States that is, the trans-Salween part of Hsenwi (Kokang, the Wa States, and Manglon) nothing but the roughest guess can be hazarded. The Kokang population is mainly Chinese, with a few Palaungs, Shans, Lisaws and
Was; and much the same conditions prevail in Sonmu, except that Was predominate. The Wa States are'inhabited by Was. Mangltin is divided by the Salween into two portions, east and west'. The eastern part is estimated to have a population of about 6,ooo to, 7,000, of whom
5,ooo are Was and it was calculated that the western part in 1892 contained 12,200 persons, of whom by far the greater Number were Shans, the other races including Palaungs, Lisaws, and Muhsos. Christians numbered 238, of whom 165 were natives. In 1901 the number
of persons directly dependent upon agriculture was 217,775, or 79 percent.: of the total enumerated population. Of this, total, 107,482 were dependent on taungya (shifting) cultivation. The figures do not ~iknclude the 45,127 persons estimated in North Hsenwi, who were- hearty all cultivators, and mostly taungya-cutters. No fewer than 17,354 persons
are supported by tea cultivation.
The Tai have been divided into the following' divisions: the north-western, the north-eastern, the eastern, and the southern. With the southern, whose principal representatives are. then Siamese and the Laos, we' have here no immediate concern. The north-western are found for the most part on the west of the Irrawaddy, in the country between that stream and Assa ; they include the Hkamti Shans; the Tai inhabitants of the now mainly obsolete States of Mogaung, Wuntho, Hsawnghsup, and Kale, and of the Districts of the Mandalay and Sagaing Divisions.
The eastern Tai may be roughly said to inhabit the Southern Shan States,. including the Shans proper of those States, and the Hkun and Lu of Kengtung and Kenghung. The north-eastern division comprises the Shan Tayoks or Shah-Chinese of the Chinese border, and the Shans of the Northern Shan States. The physical characteristics of the Shans differ but little. They are somewhat fairer than the Burmans, their features are rather, flatter and their eyes often more prominent, but other wise there is little to distinguish them from their neighbours. The north-western Shans dress as a rule like the Burmans among whom they live; the eastern and north-eastern Shans, on the other hand, wear, instead of `the Burmese waist cloth, a pair, of loose, very baggy cotton trousers, and their head-cloth is fuller and more like the Indian's pagri than the Burman's gaungbaung. The men, moreover, are seldom seen without the characteristic limp plaited grass hat of the Shan country. The dress of
the women is much the same as that of the Burmans, with the addition of a head-cloth. The men tattoo their legs and body even. more' freely than the Burmans. The Shans are Buddhists, and their yellow-robed monks inhabit pongyi-kyaungs similar to those of Burma proper Shan

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Graphics file for this page >> Sourthern Shan State

ေဝႃးႁၢၼ်ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးဢၼ်လီလႆႈမႆၢတွင်း
Hkamti shans = တႆးၶမ်းတီႈ
Kenghung = ၵဵင်းႁုင်ႈ