The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
....................................
New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

236 NORTHERN SHAN STATES
Buddhists, more than half the remainder being Animists.
bution of language follows generally that of race, which is indicated below.

State.	Area in square mile.	Number of villages.	'Population	'Population per square mile.	Number of per persons able to read and write.
North Hsenwi	6,330	939*	118,325	19	2,803t
Hsipaw	5,086	1,661	104,700	21	6,998
Tawngpeng	778	274	22,681	29	726
South Hsenwi	2,400	961	67,836	28	2,218
Mandalay-Kunlon Railway construction.	-	-	7,548		1,276
Total	14,594 3	835*	321,090	22	14,021

* Excluding the estimated area.
t This number excludes literate persons among an estimated population of 45,127, Most of whom were nat-worshippers and illiterate; the literate persons would not exceed 1,200.

The greater part of the population of the States is made up of Shans,
who numbered 222,200 in 1go1 in the enumerated and estimated areas,
and are described in more detail below. They form nine-tenths of the
population of Hsipaw, and six-sevenths of that of South Hsenwi. 111
North Hsenwi they have been forced by the Kachins into the valleys of
the Shweli and the Nam Tu, and there form but three-fifths of the total.
Besides displacing the Shans in a considerable portion of North Hsnswi,
of which State they form one-fourth of the population, the Kachins
have also spread in recent years into the north of Tawngpeng, and as
far as the mountainous part of South Hsenwi. In igor their total in
the enumerated and estimated areas of the Northern Shan States was
34,400� The Palaungs form a considerable portion of the population
of Monglong and of the Kodaung, a hilly tract in the west and north-
west of Hsipaw ; and Tawngpeng is practically a Palaung State, two-
thirds of its inhabitants belonging to that race. Palaungs are also found
in considerable numbers in the hills of North Hsenwi, and have spread
into South Hsenwi. In all, the representatives of the race numbered
35,6oo in rgor. The Burman population at the Census totalled 8,1oo,
practically confined to the Hsipaw State and more particularly to the
I-Isumhsai sub-State, which is the home of the Danus (numbering 4,8oo).
The Chinese were strongly represented (7,300) in rgo1, especially in the
hills of North Hsenwi. In very much smaller numbers are found the
Was in the eastern borders of South Hsenwi, the Lisaws in North and
South Hsenwi, and the Taungthus in Hsipaw. The new railway, which
was under construction at the time of the Census and was enumerated
separately, has brought and will continue to bring large numbers of
natives of India to the country. Those returned in igor were either
navvies on the railway or Government employes at Lashio. Of the

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Graphics file for this page >> Sourthern Shan State