The Imperial Gazetteer of India
Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860-1922.
Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947.
Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918.
Risley, Sir Herbert Hope, 1851-1911.
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New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909]

230 NORTHERN SHAN STATES
States, constituting a formidable natural obstacle between the country east and west. It has a general north to south direction, and flows from China through the entire length of the States,
Physical aspects which it roughly divides into two parts. Through out its course it preserves the same appearance of a gigantic ditch or railway cutting, scooped through the hills, which everywhere rise on either bank 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the river. Another important natural feature of the country is the fault or rift, which marks a line of great geological disturbance, running from the Gokteik pass in Hsipaw State, in a north-easterly
direction, towards the Kunlong ferry on the Salween, and continuing in the same direction far into China along the valley of the Nam Ting. It is roughly defined by the valley of the Nam Tu (Myitnge), below its junction with the Nam Yao, and by the high range of hills called the Loi Hpa Tan, which joins the eminence known as Loi Sak (6,ooo feet) farther to the east, and divides North from South Hsenwi. The greater portion of the Northern Shan States, lying west of the Salween and south of this rift, consists of the Shan table-land or plateau,
stretching from Hsumhsai eastwards, with a mean altitude of about 3,000 feet. This comparatively flat area embraces the greater portions of the States of Hsipaw and South Hsenwi. It is, however, intersected by many hill masses that rise above the level of the plateau, such as Loi Pan in eastern Hsipaw, which attains a height of nearly 7,000 feet, and Loi Leng in South Hsenwi, nearly 9,ooo feet above the sea. The intervening and surrounding country consists of grassy uplands. North of the Nam Tu and the fault referred to above
stretches the State of Tawngpeng, a mass of mountains culminating north of the capital in a range 7,500 feet high. The northern portion of North Hsenwi is a huge stretch of upland affected by the fault, which has thrown up a series of parallel ranges extending to the
Shweli valley in the north-west, without, however, altogether destroying the general north and south trend, which is characteristic of the Shan hills as a whole. Its large grassy upland plains are sufficiently uniform in their altitude (4,000 feet) to be looked upon for all practical purposes as a plateau.
The central physical feature of South Hsenwi is the huge mountain mass of Loi Leng, referred to above. East of Loi Leng is a range comprising eminences known as Loi Maw, Loi Se, and Loi Lan, which forms the watershed separating the Nam Pang from the Salween, and runs in a north and south direction along the right bank of the latter stream. East of the Salween in the north, and separated from the hilly district of Mongsi in North Hsenwi by the great gulf of the Salween, which flows many thousand feet below, extends the mountainous tract of Kokang, where many of the peaks rise to over 7,000 feet.
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Graphics file for this page >> Sourthern Shan State

ေဝႃးႁၢၼ်ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးဢၼ်လီလႆႈမႆၢတွင်း
Hsenwi = သႅၼ်ဝီ
Hsipaw = သီႉေပႃႉ
Tawngpeng = တွင်ႇပႅင်ႇ
Nam Ting = ၼမ့်တိင်
Nam Tu (Myitnge) = ၼမ့်တူႈ
Nam Yao = ၼမ့်ယၢဝ်
Loi Hpa Tan = လွႆၽႃတၼ်
Loi Sak = လွႆသၵ်း
Hsumhsai = သုမ်သႆၢႇ
Loi Pan = လွႆပၢၼ်း
Loi Leng = လွႆလဵင်း
Loi Maw = လွႆေမႃႇ
Loi Se = လွႆႄၸႊ
Loi Lan = လွႆလၢၼ်း
Nam Pang = ၼမ့်ပၢင်
Mongsi = မူိင်းၸီး